Digitizer



Filed June 6, 1950 c. A. PIPER ET AL DIGITIZER 2 SHEETS-SHEET l I IQ ll! v 8 Pi ml I: N 3% Q I n i! IIIIIIIIII v- I: J g d o 8 m 0 all ii lmmml m "3 Ln I1 Q \0 A \9 Ln $19 M g. N 3 Q I a 0 8 Jll ' I ii"--'I """H"' E V F IIIIIIIIIIllll m N V v I I T I Q N/ N N INVENTORJ CHARLES A. PIPER BY OH/ELL R. BROWN Mg. m

ATTORNEY March 7, 1 c. A. PIPER ETAL DIGITIZER 2 SHEETSSHEET 2 Filed June 6, 1950 INVENTORS CHARLES A PIPER LOWELL R BROWN ATTORNEY Patented Mar. 17, 1953 DIGITIZER Charles A. Piper, Detroit, and Lowell R. Brown, Royal Oak, Mich., assignors to Bendix Aviation Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Application June 6, 1950, Serial No. 166,462

13 Claims.

This invention relates to apparatus for and methods of expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and determining the value of each digit in the number. The invention is especially adapted to provide numerical information in such form that it can be easily transmitted to distant points and decoded at these points.

Accurate measurements of such variable quantities as temperature or pressure or angles of movement of a gun are often required. Frequently, it is necessary to know the quantity to an accuracy of three or four or more significant figures. For example, the figures 2794 may express a temperature of 279.4 K. to four significant figures.

It is often desirable to transmit such measurements to a central station for permanent recordation. In order to preserve the accuracy of measurement, the information must be transmitted with as small an error as possible. One mode of transmission utilizes the time interval between successive pulses to indicate numerical values, the time interval being proportional to the numerical value. If a single time interval is employed to indicate the total value of the variable quantity it is very diificult to achieve an accuracy of transmission and reception corresponding to the accuracy of measurement. For exampl an error great enough to aifect the value of the second digit, as well as the last and penultimate digits, may result from the transmission and reception, in a single time interval, of a temperature such as 279.4 K.

To increase the accuracy of transmission and reception, the numerical measurements may be broken down into components, each of which is separately transmitted. Thus, the numerical value of each digit may be transmitted in sequence. For a temperature of 279.4 K., a first pulse may be transmitted as a time reference and after an appropriate time interval corresponding to the numeral 2, a second pulse may be transmitted. A third pulse may subsequently be transmitted an appropriate time interval after the second pulse, this interval corresponding to the numeral 7, etc. Since there are only ten possible values for each digit, the error in transmission and reception may approach i5%, or a total of before any difference occurs between the value measured and the value transmitted and recorded.

Before any information as to the value of each digit can be transmitted, the measurements must be digitized and converted into a form suitable break multi-digital numbers into their separate components and determine the values of these components, but these digitizers do not provide information in a form which can be easily transmitted. This invention provides digitizers which produce voltages proportional to the value of each digit, and each voltage determines the time interval between sequentially transmitted pulses.

An object of this invention is to provide apparatus for expressing a variable quantity as a multi-digital number and accurately and reliably determining the value of each digit.

Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus of the above indicated character which is constructed simply and compactly.

A further object is to provide apparatus of the above indicated character for producing information as to the value of each digit in a multidigital number in such form that the information can be easily transmitted to a central station for recordation and analysis.

Still another object is to provide apparatus of the above indicated character for giving an electrical indication of the value of each digit in a multi-digital number.

A still further object is to provide methods for so expressing a variable quantity as a multidigital number and determining the value of each digit in the number that the information obtained can be easily transmitted to a distant station for recordation and analysis.

Other objects of the invention will be apparent from a detailed description of the invention and from the appended drawings and claims.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the invention; and

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the invention.

In one embodiment of the invention, a first voltage is obtained which is proportional to a multi-digital number. In the same manner, a second voltage of opposite polarity is obtained which is proportional to a number formed by the removal of the first digit from the multi-digital number. The two voltages are then combined to produce a resultant voltage which is proportional to the value of the first digit. For example, with a temperature of 279.4 K., a first voltage of +2394 volts is combined with a second voltage of -.794 volt to produce a resultant voltage of 2.000 volts. Similarly, a voltage of 7.94 volts is combined with a voltage of 0.94 volt to obtain a resultant voltage of -'7 volts, which is propor- 3 tional to the second digit of the multi-digital number. Only the magnitude, and not the polarity, of the resultant voltages is employed to indicate the value of the respective digits. Voltages in accordance with the values of the other digits are obtained in a similar manner.

The operation of the digitizer is illustrated in connection with a resistance thermometer, generally indicated at H), which is designed to give relatively high accuracies. The resistance thermometer includes a resistance II which is connected at a terminal 2 to a resistance l4 and at a terminal I6 to a potentiometer it having a rotatable arm 19. The resistance E4 and a resistance 20 have a common terminal 22, and the resistances l8 and 20 have a common terminal 24, which is grounded. The resistance H is exposed to the medium whose temperature is to be determined while the resistance l4 and 26 and the potentiometer F8 are located in a heat-insulated box;

The positive terminal of a power supply, such as a battery 24, is connected to the terminal i2, and the negative terminal of the battery is grounded. A winding 26 having an armature 28 is connected between the terminals I6 and 22 and is located in the field of a magnet 36. The movable contact of a double-throw switch 32 is suspended from the armature 28 and is connected to the positive terminal of the battery 24, while the stationary contacts of the switch 32 are con nected to grounded solenoids 34 and 36. The solenoids 34 and 36 act upon the movable contacts of double-throw switches 38 and 46, re spectively, the movable contacts being connected to opposite armature terminals of a servomotor 4|. The stationary contacts of the switch 38 are in parallel with the stationary contacts of the switch 40 between the positive terminal of the battery 24 and ground.

The motor 4| drives the rotatable arm 42 of a potentiometer 43, the arm 42 being carried by a shaft 44 which is driven from a gear train 45. The shaft 44 in turn drives the arm l9 through a shaft 46 which is coupled to the shaft 44 by a gear train 41. The gear train 41 serves to increase the temperature range of the potentiometer l8. A gear 48 is mounted on the shaft 44 in mesh with a gear 49 which is carried by a shaft 56 and which has a :1 ratio to the gear 48. A gear 52 and a rotatable arm 54 of a potentiometer 56 are also carried by the shaft 56. The gear 52 meshes with a gear 56 mounted on a shaft 69, which also carries a gear 62 and a rotatable arm 64 of a potentiometer 66. The gear 52 has a 1:10 ratio with the gear 58, and this ratio is also provided between the gear 62 and a gear 68 mounted on a shaft 10. The shaft 16 carries a rotatable arm 12 of a potentiometer 14.

The potentiometers 43 and 66 are connected at one end to the negative terminal of a suitable power supply, such as a battery 16, and are grounded at the other end, the positive terminal of the battery also being grounded. The potentiometers 56 and 14 are connected between the positive terminal of a battery 86 and ground, and the negative terminal of the battery is grounded. The batteries 16 and 86 apply substantially the same voltages, such as 10 volts, to the potentiom eters, which preferably have substantially the same resistance values.

The potentiometer arms 42 and 54 are con nected to each other through resistances 84 and 86, the resistance 84 preferably having a value at least ten times as great as the. potentiometers 4 and approximately a 1:10 ratio with the resistance 86. An output lead 81 extends from the potentiometer arm 42 and an output lead 88 extends from the common terminal between the resistances 84 and 86. Similarly, the potentiometer arms 54 and 64 are in series with a pair of resistances 9|! and 92, which have approximately a 1:10 ratio with each other and are at least 10 times as great as the potentiometers. An output lead 93 extends from the common terminal between the resistances and 92. A resistance 94 is in series with a resistance 96 and with the potentiometer arms 64 and 12 and has approximately a 1:10 ratio with resistance 96 and at least a 10:1 ratio with the potentiometers 66 and 14. An output lead 98 extends from the common terminal between the resistances 94 and 96. As previously explained, the resistance I I is the only exposed resistance in the resistance thermometer it. The resistance ll may be provided with a linear characteristic over the temperature range to be measured, or it may be provided with a non-linear characteristic and may be driven by the motor 4| in such a manner that a linear temperature response is obtained. Therefore, any changes in temperature produce a proportional change in the resistance l I, causing a voltage difference to appear between the terminals [6 and 22. The winding 26 is energized with a polarity which is determined by the change in temperature, an increase in temperature producing one polarity and a decrease in temperature an opposite polarity. When the winding is energized, the armature 28 is pivoted by the magnet 30 so that the movable contact of the switch 32 touches one of the stationary contacts. With increases in temperature, the movable contact of the switch 32 swings to the right, causing a continuous circuit to be established which includes the battery 24, the switch 32 and the solenoid 36. The resultant current through the solenoid 36 causes the movable contact of the switch 40 to be attracted downwardly, and a continuous circuit is established from the battery 24 through the switch 46, the servomotor 4i and the switch 38 to ground and through ground back to the battery. The servomotor therefore rotates the potentiometer arm I9 in a direction to increase the effective resistance supplied by the potentiometer I 8. The rotation of the arm i9 continues until the voltage in the winding 26 is reduced to zero. If the temperature should decrease, the servomotor rotates the potentiometer arm 19 in an opposite direction to decrease the. effective resistance supplied by the potentiometer l8.

As the motor operates the potentiometer arm E6, the gears 48, 49, 52, 58, 62 and 68 rotate. Because of the 1: 10 gear ratios, the potentiometer arms 54, E4 and 12 experience angular rotations which are 10, 100 and 1,000 times less than the rotation of the potentiometer arm 42. For example, with a measurement such as 279.4 the potentiometer arm 42 has 279.4 revolutions; the arm 54 ha 27.94 revolutions, the arm 64 has 2.794 revolutions; and the arm 12 has 0.2794 revolution. Since th voltage on a potentiometer arm returns to zero after each complete revolution it is only the partial revolutions which determine the voltage. In the example above, with 10 volts impressed on the potentiometers 43, 56,. 66 and 14 in alternate polarities, the voltage on the tap 1 2 is +2394 volts, the voltage on the tap. t4-1s, v.94 volts, the voltage on the tap 54 is +9.4volts and the voltage on the tap 42 is-4 volts.

The voltage on the tap 64 is then divided by ten in the dividing and adding network formed by the resistances 94 and 96 and is combined with the voltage on the tap I2 to producean output voltage which is proportional to the value of the first digit. In'the example above, a voltage of .794 volt is combined with the voltage of +2794 volts on the tap I2 to produce .a resultant voltage of 2.0 volts on the output lead 98. Like.- wise, the voltage on the tap 54 is decimally di-. vided in the network com-prising the resistances 90 and 92 nd is then combined with the voltage on the tap 64 to produce a resultant voltage proportional to the second digit. With the temperature of 279.4" K., a voltage of 0.94 volt is combined with the voltage of 7.94 volts to pro-' duce a resultant voltage of 7 volts on the output load 93. to the second digit of the temperature measurement. Only the magnitude of this voltage .may be used, with the polarity being disregarded, or the polarity of this negative voltage may be in. verted vby a stage (not shown) to obtain a positive voltage of .7 volts. Similarly, voltages may be obtained which are proportional to the values of the other digits in the multi-digital number. The digitizerdescribed above has several important advantages. The voltages which are produced are substantially proportional to the value of the digits. These voltages may be introduced to suitable metersto provide an instantaneous visual indication of the numerical values. The voltages may also be introduced directly to suitable circuits, such as multiviorators or phantastrons, to produce pulses which are separated from each other by time intervals which are determined by the voltages. For example, the multivibrators may be initially biased to produce a time delay of 30 microseconds when the voltage from the digitizer is zero. This initial time delay corresponds to a value of 0 for the digit in question. An additional time interval of 30 microseconds may be provided by the multivibrators for each volt on the output leads from the digitizer. With a number like 279.4 K., a recognition pulse may be initially transmitted, followed 90 microseconds later by a second pulse. A third pulse may be transmitted 240 microseconds aiter the second pulse and a fourth pulse may be transmitted 300 microseconds after the third pulse, etc. v

Figure 2 illustrates another embodiment of the invention. In'this embodiment, a gear train similar to thatshown abovernay beused to drive the shafts 44, 50, 60'and l0, The shafts d4. 50, 60 and I0 carry arms I02, I04, I06 and I02 of potentiometers IIO,, I I2, H4 and II6, respectively. The potentiometers I I2 and I I6 are connected t one side to the positive terminal of a suitable power supply, such as a battery I I'I, so that the voltage on the arms I04 and I08 increases as the temperature rises. The potentiometers H2 and IIS are connected at the other side to the negative terminals of the battery I I! and are grounded at terminals H8 and II9, respectively. The terminals H8 and H9 are so chosen in the potentiometers that, with ten volts supplied by the battery III, one side of the potentiometers H2 and I I6 is approximately 8.99 volts above ground and the other side of the. potentiometers is approximately -l.0l voltsbelow ground.

This resultant voltage is proportional The potentiometers H0 and III! are connected to a battery I20 to. provide voltage decrease on the arms I02 and I06 as the temperature increases. One side of the potentiometer H4 is connected directly to the positive terminal of the battery I20 and the other side of the potentiometer is connected through a resistance I2I to the negative terminal of the battery. The potentiometer II 0 is similarly connected in series with the battery I20 and a resistance I22. The battery I20 and the resistances I2I and I22 are chosen to provide a range of 0.10 volt to 10.10 volts on the potentiometers I I0 and I I4.

The arm I02 is connected to the negative terminal of the battery I I! through a series network which includes a pair of resistances I23 and I24 having a 10:1 ratio to each other and at least a 10:1 ratio to the potentiometer IIO. An output lead I25 is connected to the common terminal between the resistances I23 and I24. The arms I62 and I04 are connected in series with a voltage dividing and adding network which includes a pair of resistances I26 and I28 having a 1:10 ratio to each other, with the resistance I26 being at least ten times as great as the potentiometers IIO and H2. An output lead I30 is connected to the common terminal between the resistances I26 and I26. Similarly, the arms I04 and I06 are in series with a pair of resistances I32 and I 30 having a 1:10 ratio to each other, and an output lead I36 extends from the common terminal between the resistances I26 and I20. The potentiometer arms I06 and I08 are connected to resistances I38 and I40, the resistance I40 being- 10 times as great as the resistance I36. An output lead I42 extends from the common terminal between the resistances I38 and I40.

With the voltages disclosed above impressed on the batteries III and I20, the voltage on the arm I08 is substantially proportional to a number formed by removing an integer from the value of the first digit of the multi-digital number. The voltage on the arm I06 is substantially proportional to the decimal complement of a number formed by removing the first digit from the multidigital number. One tenth of the voltage on the arm I06 is added to the voltage on the arm I08 to produce a resultant voltage on the output lead I42 which is proportional to the value of the first digit. For example, with a measurement of 279.4 K., the voltage on the arm I08 is 2.794- 1.01=1.784 volts and the voltage on the arm I06 is 10.10-7.94:2.16 volts. ihe voltage of 2.16 volts is decimally divided in the network which includes the resistances I38 and I40, and the re- The voltage on the arm I04 is substantially proportional to a number formed by disregarding the first two digits of the multi-digital number and subtracting one integer from the value of the first remaining digit. This voltage is decimally divided by the resistances I32 and I34 and is combined with the voltage on the arm I06-to produce an output voltage which is proportional to the decimal complement of the second digit. When the measurement is 279.4 K., the voltage on the arm I04 is 9.4l.01:8.39 volts. If this voltage is decimally divided and combined with the voltage of 2.16 volts on the arm I06, an output voltage of 2.16+0.839-=3.0 volts is produced on the lead I36. The voltage of 3 volts is pro portional to the decimal complement of the second digit-i. 8., 104:3.

The output voltages for the third digit and all other odd digits are obtained in the same Way as the first digit and the output voltages for the fourth digit and all other even digits are obtained in the same way as the second digit. The output voltages for the odd digits are substantially proportional to the values of the digits and the output voltages for the even digits are substantially proportional to the decimal complements of the digits.

There are thus provided systems for, and methods of, expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and determining the value of each digit in the number. The systems further operate to provide output voltages which are proportional to the value of each digit in the number.

Although this invention has been disclosed and illustrated with reference to particular applications, the principles involved are susceptible of numerous other applications which will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. The invention is, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage in accordance with the multi-digital number, means for providing a second voltage in accordance with a number resulting from the removal from the multi-digital number of the digit having the highest order, means for arithmetically combin ing the first and second voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a relationship proportionate to the highest order digit of the multi-digital number, means for providing a third voltage in accordance with a number resulting from the removal from the multi-digital number of the two digits having the highest order, and means for arithmetically combining the second and third voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a relationship proportionate to the value of the digit having the second highest order.

2. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to the multi-digital number, means for providing a second voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to a number resulting from the removal from the multi-digital number of the digit having the highest order, means for arithmetically combining the first and second voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a linear relationship to the digit having the highest order, means for providing a third voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to a number resulting from the removal from the multidigital number of the two digits having the highest order, and means for adding the second and third voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a relationship proportionate to the value of the digit having the secondhighest order.

3. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including,

means for providing a pair of voltages in proportion to a first number determined by the value of the multi-digital number and a second number formed by the removal from the multi-digital number of the digit having the highest order, means for arithmetically combining the voltages to obtain a voltage proportional to the'value of the digit having the highest order, means for providing successive pairs of voltages in proportion to numbers formed with the digit to be measured as the digit of highest order and numbers formed upon the removal of this digit, and means for arithmetically combining each pair of voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to the value of a particular digit in the multi digital number.

4. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first pair of voltages bearing a proportionate relationship to a number determined by the value of the multi-digital number and a second number formed by the re-- moval from the multi-digital number of the digit having the highest order, means for arithmetically combining the voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to the value of the digit having the highest order, means for obtaining a second pair of voltages bearing a proportionate relationship to the second number and a number formed by the removal of the digits having the first and second highest order, and means for arithmetically combining the second pair of voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a proportionate relationship to the value of the digit having the second highest order.

5. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage in proportion to the value of the multi-digital num-v ber, means for providing a second voltage of opposite polarity and .in proportion to the value of a number formed by the removal from the multidigital number of the digit having the highest order, means for arithmetically combining the first and second voltages to obtain a voltage proportional to the value of the digit having the highest order, means for providing successive pairs of oppositely polarized voltages in proportion to a number having the digit to be Incas-- ured as the digit of highest order and a number having only the digits of lower order than the digit to be measured, and means for arithmetically combining each pair of voltages to obtain a voltage proportional to a particular digit.

6. In combination with apparatus for BXDI'QSS". ing a-continuously variable quantity as a multie,

digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage digit having the highest order, means for pro-' viding successive pairs of. voltages substantially proportional to a first number formed with the digit to be measured as the digit of highest order except for a decrease of an integer in the value of this digit and to a second number which is the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal of the digit to be measured, means. for arithmetically combining alternate pairs of voltages to produce voltages proportional to the values of particular digits, and means for arithmetically combining the other pairs of voltages to produce voltages proportional to the decimal complements of the other digits in the multidigital number.

7. In combination with apparatus for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multidigital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage bearing a linear relationship to a number corresponding to the value of the multi-digital number, means for providing a second voltage bearing a'linear relationship to the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal from the multi-digital number of the digit having the highest order, means for adding the first and second voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a linear relationship to the value of the digit having the highest order, means for providing successive pairs of voltages bearing a linear relationship to a first number formed with the digit to be measured as the digit having the highest order and to a second number which is the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal of the digit to be measured, means for alternately combining pairs of voltages arithmetically to produce voltages bearing a linear relationship to the values of the odd digits, and means for alternately combining other pairs of voltages arithmetically to produce voltages bear ng a linear relationship to the decimal complements of the other digits in the multi-digital number.

8. In combination with means for expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number, apparatus for separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, means for providing a first voltage bearing a linear relationship to a number corresponding to the value of the multi-digital number, means for providing a second voltage bearing a linear relationship to the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal from the multi-digital number or" the digit having the highest order, means for adding the first and second voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a linear relationship to the value of the digit having the highest order, means for obtaining a third voltage bearing a linear relationship to a number formed by the removal of the digits having the first and second highest orders, and means for arithmetically combining the second and third voltages to obtain a voltage bearing a linear relationship to the decimal complement of the value of the digit having the second highest order.

9. A method of expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and of separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, providing a first voltage in proportion to the multi-digital numb-er, providing a second voltage in proportion to a number formed :by removing from the multi-digital number the digit having the highest order, arithmetically combining the first and second voltages to produce a resultant voltage dependent upon the value of the digit having the highest order, providing a third voltage in proportion to a number formed by removing from the multidigital number the digits having the first and second highest orders, and arithmetically combining the second and third voltages to produce a resultant voltage dependent upon the value or the digit having the second highest order.

10. A method of expressing a, continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and of separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, providing a first pair of voltages bearing a proportionate relationship to the multi-digital number and to a number formed by removing from the multi-digital number the digit having the highest order, arithmetically combining the first pair of voltages to obtain a resultant voltage bearing a relationship proportionate to the value of the digit having the highest order, providing successive pairs of voltages in proportion to a number formed with the digit to be measured as the digit having the highest order and a number formed by the removal of this digit, and arithmetically combining each pair of voltages to produce a voltage bearing a relationship proportionate to the value of a particular digit.

11. A method of separating a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and of separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, providing a first voltage proportional to the value of the multi-digital number, providing a second voltage of opposite polarity to the first voltage and proportional to a number formed by removing from the multidigital number the digit having the highest order, arithmetically combining the two voltages to produce a resultant voltage proportional to the value of the digit having the highest order, providing successive pairs of oppositely polarized voltages in proportion to a number having the digit to be measured as the digit having the highest number and a number having only the digits of lower order than the digit to be measured, and arithmetically combining each pair of voltages to produce a resultant voltage proportional to the value of a particular digit.

12. A method of expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and of seperating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, providing a first voltage bearing a linear relationship to a number corresponding to the multi-digital number, providing a second voltage bearing a linear relationship to the decimal complement of a number formed by removing from the multi-digital number the digit having the highest order, arithmetically combining the first and second voltages to produce a voltage bearing a linear relationship to the value of the digit having the highest order, providing successive pairs of voltages bearing a linear relationship to a first number formed with the digit to be measured as the digit having the highest order and to a second number which is the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal of the digit to be measured, arithmetically combining alternate pairs of voltages to produce voltages bearing a linear relationship to the values of particular digits, and arithmetically combining the other pairs of voltages to produce voltages bearing a linear relationshi to the decimal complements of the other digits in the multidigital number.

13. A method of expressing a continuously variable quantity as a multi-digital number and of separating each digit in the number and determining its value, including, providing a first voltage substantially proportional to a number corresponding to the multi-digital number except for a decrease of an integer in the value of the digit having the highest order, providing a T1 scond voltage substantially proportional to the decimal complement of a number formed by removing from the multi-digital number the digit having the highest order, arithmetically combining the firist and second voltages to produce a voltage proportional to the value of the digit having the highest order, providing successive pairs of voltages which are substantially proportional to a first number formed. with the digit to be measured as the digit having the highest order except for the decrease of an integer in the value of this digit and to a second number which is the decimal complement of a number formed by the removal of the digit to be measured, alternately combining pairs of voltages arithmetically to produce voltages proportional to the values of the odd digits, and arithmetically combining the other pairs of voltages to Produce voltages pro- 12 portional to the decimal complement of the other digits in the multi-digital number.

CHARLES A. PIPER. LOWELL R. BROWN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,025,407 Williams Dec. 24, 1935 2,108,146 Simpson Feb. 15, 1938 2,123,142 McMaster July 5, 1938 2,484,737 Razik Oct. 11, 1949 OTHER REFERENCES The Binary Quantizer, K. H. Barney, Electrical Engineering, November 1949. 

